Jean baptiste colbert biography breve milk

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This article is a part of our series, entitled “Age of Slavery,” which explores the existence, persistence, and abolition of slavery in the revolutionary era.

By Meredith Martin and Gillian Weiss

King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) viewed France’s “mastery” of the Mediterranean Sea as critical for establishing a worldwide empire. As one of the first steps, he and his chief minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, set out in the 1660s to build a spectacular fleet of galleys based in Marseille.^[1] These vessels were powered by forçats (convicts)—among them Protestants condemned for heresy after the 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes—and esclaves turcs (enslaved Turks), or Turcs. Mostly Muslims from North Africa and the Levant, as well as southern and central Europe, they had been captured at sea, or else purchased by royal agents on the Ottoman-Habsburg front and in slave markets like the one at Malta.

From the 1670s to the 1690s, the Crown also experimented with manning its rowing force with West Africans transported by the Compagnie de Sénégal and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) kidnapped from New France. The presence and portrayal of these enslaved oarsmen—called Noirs, Nègres, Maures, or sauvages, yet subsume

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Buildings

– Anderson, 2013: Christy Anderson, Renaissance Architecture, Oxford, 2013.

– Avon, 1996: Annalisa Avon, “La biblioteca, gli strumenti scientifici, le collezioni di antichità e opere d’arte di un architetto del xvii secolo, Jacques Lemercier (1585-1654),” in Annali di architettura, 8, 1996, p. 179-196.

– Babelon, 1986: Jean-Pierre Babelon, Le Château en France, Paris, 1986.

– Babelon, 1989: Jean-Pierre Babelon, Châteaux de France au siècle de la Renaissance, Paris, 1989.

– Babelon, 2002: Jean-Pierre Babelon, Chenonceau, Paris, 2002.

– Babelon, 2004: Jean-Pierre Babelon, Le Château d’Amboise, Arles, 2004.

– Ballon, 1999: Hilary Ballon, Louis Le Vau: Mazarin’s Collège, Colbert’s Revenge, New Jersey, 1999.

– Barbet-Massin, Frommel, 2010: Arnaud Barbet-Massin, Sabine Frommel, Ancy-le-Franc, Paris, 2010.

– Bardati, 2009: Flaminia Bardati, Il bel palatio in forma di castello: Gaillon tra flamboyant e Rinascimento, Rome, 2009.

– Bardati, 2013: Flaminia Bardati, L’architettura francese di committenza cardinalizia nella prima metà del Cinquecento: i cardinali protagonisti delle guerre d’Italia, Rome, forthcoming 2013.

– Barnoud, 2011: Paul Barnoud, Le Château de Maulnes : du projet à la réalisation, Paris, 2011.

– Bâtir pour le